Planning Issues In The Construction Industry Construction Essay

prep Issues In The reflexion Industry verbal expression EssayConstruction is an everlasting activity across the globe. Its profitability like of any other(a) business fluctuates according to the law of demand and supply. In most countries, facial expression activity constitutes 6-9% of the gross domestic return (GDP) and constitutes more than half of the fixed capital potpourriation as infra mental synthesis and public utilities capital achievements required for stinting development. Construction activity contributes to the economic development of a country. The GDP per capita and the investment in the verbal expression per capita gener every last(predicate)y follow a straight line relationship, that is winding activity increases with the increase in per capita income. Construction shows be intricate and sequence-consuming tasks. For the total success of any particular protrusion a wide chain of specialized services is demand for the timely expiration of the project. During the facial expression process, itself even a project of clarified or medium proportions requires many attributes, materials and involves many different types of operations. The assembly process mustiness follow a natural order of events that, in total combination, constitutes a complicated pattern of individual time requirements and restrictive sequential relationships among the many segments of the structure (Project Quality Management in Construction, K. Lambrou, G.J. Besseris and C. Alafodimos, MSc in Quality Management, TEI of Piraeus and University of Aisley).Mismanagement of resources has fabricate a prevalent problem in many wind firms. This mismanagement of resources contributes to numerous building firms in rough-and-readyness and frequent failures all(prenominal) year. Hence, it is necessary to take appropriate steps and follow the process to improvise the output of construction industry by using proper cooking methods and techniques.This can be done throug h adoption of modern and improvised supply techniques in construction industry such as CPM, PERT, Supply Chain Management etc, which leave behind be discussed in detail in main dissertation be given. In the literature review of prep issues in construction industry, different aspects of amicable-cultural-economic importance of planning and modern planning techniques has been highlighted. This dissertation focuses on analyzing the major hindrances caused by the positive and negative issues in planning and execution phase of the project.2. BackgroundPlanning is a key ingredient in the successful completion of any construction project. It provides the road map for the project to follow and the milestones by which its progress is measured. To understand the loopholes in the planning process it is necessary to dismantle the planning objectives, so that all the aspects regarding the project could be soundly capitalized. four-spot planning objectives which characterize the whole o f the planning process argon execution of elaborate, coordination of all the activities, get over everyplace the materials and manpower and forecasting. Safety is a major concern to every successful construction project because of humanitarian concern for the fakeers and the court ramifications of a poor safety record. Major construction firms had proposed the usage of mesh planning techniques, mainly because of possessors demand.The relationship amid project planning and construction safety is sometimes subtle, and the impact it has on the project is not as pronto app arnt as the importance of planning and safety as separate entities.A comprehensive planning and scheduling condition musical arrangement can abet in the planning of job sequence, financial needs, workforce needs, material needs, and equipment needs. It also can aid the scheduling of actual activity start or completion and provide feedback to control the register, cost, and use of resources. A slender step in the execution of any construction project is the selection of planning and scheduling specification clauses to be included in the construction contract. Numerous project characteristics should be taken into account when determining which planning and scheduling clauses to be included.Project is a mission, undertaken to create a unique facility, product or services within the specified scope, quality, time and costs. With the emerging global opportunities, projects cross geographical boundaries, corporate channels, traditionalistic systems and cultural diversities. The knowledge areas needed to manage such projects comprise project management techniques, general management practices and technology-related subjects. The project management techniques of planning, scheduling and controlling are the tools and devices that bind the subjects knowledge areas. These techniques can be utilise to all types of projects. This explore focuses on the application of all these techniques in t he construction industry.It is widely recognized that effective planning can play a major role in the success of projects. Whether project success is based on the traditional measure of time, cost and quality or tonicer measures of critical success factors (Westerveld, 2003), effective planning can also contribute to the prevention of accidents and ill health of site personnel (Duff and Suraji, 2000 HSE, 2003). These objectives become increasingly difficult to achieve, however, in construction projects. Construction sites can be extremely busy places where the workings environment is ever changing. Unfortunately, in addition to this, the construction industry tends to be under resourced and under planned in relation to other industries (Egan, 1998), which can lead to a crisis management approach to production risk, a feature of construction culture which can impact heavily on health and safety. Despite this, activities requiring intensive planning as those required in a temporary rail possession, almost invariably run smoothly. There is little chance of an unsafe incident, collectable to the heightened risk awareness resulting from the meticulous planning.3. Aims and ObjectivesTo study non-homogeneous minute details affecting the process of planning. The objective of this research is to assess the modern methods of planning and scheduling a construction contracts which can be applied in to daytimetimes construction industry and to also discuss the issues involved in the application of those tools. To compare and analyze a planning strategy which has a consequence for various issues in the planning process.4. Research MethodologyThe research methodology is the approach through which the researcher collects the data useful for the chosen topic and consequently the analysis is done on the basis of that. In my dissertation, I will be using qualitative research as means to study planning and scheduling in construction contracts.5. Scope and Limitations of Di ssertationThe limitations of the dissertation areThis research targets only construction industry, hence the results cannot be implied on the others sectors.This analysis will be done for Indian and UK industry. However, the study done on India and UK is not necessary applicable for other nations as well as because of cultural differences.Planning techniques for different countries is different which adds to more misery. The unavailability of proper planning and management techniques, which could possibly solve the issues of planning even when proper resources are not available.Construction Industry has flourished domestically as well as globally over the years. Economic development of any particular country also largely depends upon the construction projects. Major factors that affect the general result of any project would be size, complexity, quality, productivity, completion time and cost. These factors would be achieved only when proper planning is done, which forms the base o f construction management. A project plan is always formulated during the planning phase. Planning in its broader perspective, involves advance thinking as to what is to be done, what are the activities, how it is to be done, when it is to be done, where it is to be done, what is needed to do it, who is to do it and to ensure that it done. A project plan would be adversely affected if cost spill overs and detainments take place. The effect of old construction experience, on the quality of management in general and on planning effectiveness in particular, is addressed only rarely in construction-management research the few studies doing so explicitly are in agreement with the findings of the present study. NEDO (Faster 1983) reports the contractors inexperience in similar projects as a major source of hassle in construction Faster building for industry (1983). NEDO-Building EDC, National Economic Development Office, London, England.. All the perseverance put into the invention of new techniques did not gave the satisfying results in the construction planning sector (Choudhury 1981, Mason 1984, Morton 1983). Sometimes people fail to recognize the difference in the midst of planning and scheduling. Progress in the usage of new computer techniques has resulted in the misconception of standardization of project scheduling.Projects go been a part of our society for quite a long era. Indication of total efficiency would be seen by completing project on time, but construction process is subjected to too many fluctuations and unforeseeable factors which results from many sources (Sadi. A. Assaf, Sadiq Al-Hejji, (2005)). Construction organization lives in the ever-changing and their effectiveness depends on their ability to adapt to new demands and opportunities. This industry needs to adjust itself to the changes occurring in its working environment in order to become effective. Construction projects are intricate and time-consuming tasks. The total development o f a project normally consists of several phases requiring a diverse range of specialized services. In progressing form initial planning to project completion, the typical project passes through successive distinct stages that demand inputs from such disparate groups as financial organizations, government agencies, engineers, architects, lawyers, protection companies, contractors, and building trade-persons. Most challenging part of these modern techniques is implementing these methods to achieve a particular goal or task. Construction Industry faces a lot of problems because of the working patterns and inefficient planning techniques to reach to all over a particular function. Following the modern planning techniques reduces the dilapidation of resources and economically strengthens the company. A constant focus should be given on the improvisation techniques which include mutually collaborating one or more techniques which would lead to a profitable project and reduce the loss du e poor performance and cost overruns. The constructions industry in India and UK has realized the importance of the proper usage of modern planning techniques which has improvised the margins of profits and truncate the overall project cost. In India planning is an straight-from-the-shoulder process (Planning in India RICHARD S. ECKAUS MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY).If design completion is not done at proper time it would prove to be costly, as it would lead to construction delays. In India a prevalent method to planning is not sufficient as there are many situations which includesLimitation or inexpertness of human beings in there respective fields (Human Errors).Influence of external factors beyond human control(E.g. Natural Hazards this could consume an adverse effect on the planning process).The external components interact with the construction firm from outside of the organizations environment. Such external components are material suppliers, financial institutions, and security department companies, end users of products, owners, and architects.The project is also influenced by external causes due to scarce availability of resources in the market (Techniques and Technology).The project covers important framework of an integral system therefore considerable economic or technical consequence could result from faulty usage.(An approach to planning and control of advanced projects Giorgio Caroni, Roland0 Matteelli and Alfred0 Berti)In order to have a competitive edge over other construction companies, perfectly planning techniques should be used.Main BodyCASE STUDYEven though India is one of the developing countries the approach towards planning is comparatively more advanced as compared to other developing countries. (Planning in India, RICHARD S. ECKAUS, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY). In India, for small scale project ranging between 1million-10million specific planning techniques cannot be implemented, as a lot of unavoidable problem s usually arise due to many reasons. countywide survey of the location of the project clearly marks the project area and its boundaries. Soil investigation is to be done to ascertain the soil strength so as to decide the type and other specific details of the foundation. Depending upon the soil investigation reports, finalize the type of foundation i.e., pile foundation or open foundation up to hard strata strength. Necessary approvals, clearances, no objection for all the concerned government departments, local or self governing authorities should be obtained before starting the project. To ascertain whether any public utility service lines like Water pipe lines, sewage pipe lines, electrical cables or over head lines, telephone line or any other Public/Private items or assets are crossing /passing through the designated project area. particular measures must be taken to relocate the service lines or public assets before starting the project.Drawings incorporating all the specifi c details, dimensions and other specifications must be absolute and must be got approved from all the relevant authorities before starting the workIf any of the above fundamental issues are neglected at the planning stage, you are steadily heading for a project period over run and project cost overrun.TYPICAL CASE STUDIES FROM INDIABUILDING bulge OF CBI(CENTRAL BEAURAU OF INVESTIGATION)BUILDING1) Name of Work Construction of Administrative Building includingall infrastructure Amenities for C.I.D Pune. at Pune2) Client Maharashtra State Police Housing well-being Corporation.Limited, Mumbai3) Tender Work Order No PHC/TB/CID PUNE/1152/2005Dated 15.07.2005 from General Manager4) Contractor M/s. Deepa Engineers,42, Welfare Chambers, 1st Floor,Sector-17, Vashi, Navi Mumbai 400 7055) Architect M/s. Arc-Aids. Pune6) P.M.C M/s PP Ventures, Pune7) Tendered criterion 5, 43, 04,161/-8) Date of Starting 02.09.20059) Stipulated period of completion 31.05.200710) Area as per tender 5483.57 Sq.Mtr11) Area as per actual construction 7217.19 Sq.Mtr.Including ballpark Facility.12) Common Facility Area 109Sq.Mtr1) Septic Tank = 36 Sq.Mtr2) Meter Room = 19 Sq.Mtr3) Pump House = 54 Sq. Mtr13 Area Constructed 7108.19 Sq.Mtr(7217.19-109 = 7108.19 Sq.Mtr)14) effective date of completion/ 31.03.2009Taking over 10.07.200915) Difference in Area 1669.62 Sq.Mtr.16) R.A. Bill No. 21st (pending) 30,70,629.0017) last(a) Bill yet pending 26,01,169.0018) security measure Deposit 13,57,604.0019) Retention money deductedFrom 20th R.A. Bill 1,38,747.0020) Retention money deductedFrom 21th R.A. Bill 1,52,052.0021) Extra Items heart 1,83,210.0022) Inauguration Expenditure 3,10,000.0023) Bank Guarantee En cashed 13,57,604.00Total Claims overdue 91,71,015.00 + Difference in ConstructedArea amountConclusionDepartmental interaction between various service agencies of the state, like the jurisprudence housing Department and PUNE Municipal Corporation must have been in itiated at the planning stage of the tender itself.Though the project is commissioned successfully on 10th July-2009 and the C.B.I has occupied the Administrative Building, with all the proposed amenities the Contractor has suffered huge financial losses. Presently the case is under arbitrationJustification for the delay of work1) M/s. Arc-Aids, (Architect) M/s. PP Ventures, Pune (PMC) were new to the department lack of coordination between them with Police Housing and the contractor resulting in bad delay in furnishing the requisite drawings and other relevant details for the timely execution of the work.2) withstand due to the shifting of approx One Meter Diameter Water pipe line of Pune municipal wad which was not shown in the layout drawing of the tender, passing through the site feeding water supply to Pune City Delay 10 Months. The work was coordinated by Deepa Engineers and executed by Pune Municipal Corporation without any financial obligations to PHC. Drawings must i ncorporate all the details accurately, later carrying out proper survey of the project area.3) Non releasing of the payments in time by holding of Running Bills payment by imposing heavy penalty as given below, which was against the terms conditions of the Tender, since the delay was caused by reasons beyond the responsibility control of the contractorSr.No.ParticularsNo. of daysAmount to be recovered from Bill in Rs.1Rs. 1000/-per day w.e.f. 1/6/07 to 15.01/082292,29,000/-2Rs. 5000/-per day w.e.f. 16/01/08 to 15/02/08311,55,000/-3Rs. 10000/-per day w.e.f. 16/02/08 to 12/05/08878,70,000/-4Rs. 15000/-per day w.e.f. 13/5/08 to 30/06/08497,35,000/-5Rs. 65000/-per day w.e.f. 1/7/08 to 10/07/093752,43,75,000/-Total7712,63,64,000/-This holding of payment was waived and released by Hon. S.S. Virk after connecter as M.D. of Police Housing Corporation and assured that the penalty will be waived and the difference in area constructed will be consider after completing the work. Accordingl y the work is restarted and completed on 31.03.2009 and handed over on 10.07.2009. Month wise requirement of funds if predicted during the plannings stage itself, the payment schedule flow of money will not be hampered.B) Name of Project1) Construction of three storeyed of 300 seated Post Graduate gild including internal Water supply, Sanitary installation, Drainage wok and internal electrification work for Vishweshwarayya National embed of Technology, Nagpur, IndiaName of Contractor M/s. DEEPA ENGINEERS,42, WELFARE CHAMBERS, 1ST FLOOR,SECTOR-17, VASHI, NAVI MUMBAIEstimated Cost 5,33,56,856/-Tendered Amount 9,34,63,099.00Time allowed 16 Months including monsoonPeriodCommencement Date 12.07.2007Stipulated date of completion 11.11.2008Security Deposit 46,73,155.00(Bank Guarantee)Project Management central Public Works Department,Superintending Engineer,Central Circle, Nagpur.Architects do B) Name of Project Construction of Additional storey (100 seated) over proposed 300 seated Post Graduate Hostel at Vishweshwarayya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur.Name of Contractor M/s. DEEPA ENGINEERS,42, WELFARE CHAMBERS, 1ST FLOOR, SECTOR-17, VASHI, NAVI MUMBAIEstimated Cost 1,78,70,130.00Tendered Amount 2,36,39,902.00Commencement Date 28.11.2008Stipulated date of completion 27.05.2009Security Deposit 11,82,000.00(Bank Guarantee)Time allowed 6 MonthsProject Management Central Public Works Department, Superintending Engineer, Central Circle, Nagpur.Architects do Actual date of Completion 31.03.2010Parameter adopted for mix design for RCC work Ready Mix ConcreteNominal maximum size of aggregate 20 mm angular as per C.P.W.D. descriptionDegree of quality control Good compositors case of Exposure ModerateMaximum water cement Ratio 0.50 cement Content 410/Kg/cum of concreteType of Cement used OPC 43 grade Conforming toIS 8112Sand Coarse sand as per CPWDSpecificationApproved Admixtures conforming to I.S. 9103 permittedFly wash shall not be used in R.C.CThe Contractor shall submit the Mix Design Report from Approved Laboratory and get it approved from the Engineer-in-ChargeCauses for the delay in completion of the project. wide of the mark Soil Investigation Report.The Original depth of Excavation, for Foundation fixed as 5ft(1.52 m) as per tender. At the time of actual execution the depth upto loft which resulted in huge quantity variation in excavation, quantity of steel and other items necessitating further approvals from all competent authorities.This project cost overrun and period overrun could have been avoided if proper soil investigation was carried out before tenderingA Major defect in planning was the decision to have an additional groundwork with 100 seats after the completion of the hostel building up to 3rd floor by the contractor.The right decision to have a Four storied 400 seated Hostel building initially would have saved the Project period by at least 4 months likewise there could have been a savin g of the total Project cost by at least 03 %TABLE OF MILESTONE (S) CASE B(1)S. No. monetary ProgressTime allowed(from date of start)Amount to be withheld in case of non achievement of milestone1All P.C.C. and brick works up to plinth take aim120 daysIn the event of not achieving the necessary progress as assessed 1% of the tendered value of work will be withheld for failure of each milestones2Complete R.C.C structure up to terrace level240 days3All brick work , flooring, internal plaster, neutering of door frames and windows etc along with all related items355 days4Water proofing to terrace slab, external plaster and painting, fixing of all electrical and water supply, sanitary fitting etc. complete along with handing over of building including external service connections complete.16 monthsTABLE OF MILESTONE (S) CASE B(2)S. No.Physical ProgressTime allowed(from date of start)Amount to be withheld in case of non achievement of milestone1All R.C.C. Columns30 daysIn the event of n ot achieving the necessary progress as assessed 1% of the tendered value of work will be withheld for failure of each milestones2Complete R.C.C and brick work up to terrace level90 days3All brick work , flooring, internal plaster, fixing of door frames and windows etc along with all related items150 days4External plaster and painting, fixing of all water supply, sanitary fitting etc. complete along with handing over of building including external service connections complete.6 monthsResults from the Case Study IN GENERAL VIEWSTable 1List of causes of delay which may affect the overall planning is categorized below(Causes of delay in large construction projects, Sadi A. Assaf *, Sadiq Al-Hejji)No. of. Causes of delay affecting the planning processGroup1 The Original contract duration is very shortProject2 Disputes between various partsProject3 Inadequate definition of substantial completionProject4 Ineffective delay penaltiesProject5 Type of construction contract (Lump sum contract, construction only,)Project6 Type of project bidding and award ( lowest bidder)Project7 Delay in payments by the owner owner8 Delay to furnish the site to the contractor by the ownerOwner9 Revision orders by the owner during construction phaseOwner10 Late in changing and approving the design documents by the ownerOwner11 Delay in approval of drawings and the sample materialsOwner12 Improper communication by owner and other partiesOwner13 Unwillingness to make proper decisionsOwner14 Disagreements occurring between joint-ownership of the projectOwner15 Absence of incentives for contractor for conclusion the work ahead of scheduleOwner16 Discontinuation of work by ownerOwner17 Financial problems faced by contractorContractor18 Problems in sub-contractors schedule in execution workContractor19 Alterations during construction due to some minor errorsContractor20 Affray between contractor and other partiesContractor21 unfitting site management by the contractorContractor22 Inappropriate communication by contractor with other partiesContractor23 Poor planning of project by the contractorContractor24 Improper construction techniques implemented by contractorContractor25 Postponement in sub-contractors workContractor26 Inadequate standard of work by contractorContractor27 Periodic changes of sub-contractorsContractor28 Poor qualification of technical staffContractor29 Mobilization problems at siteContractor30 Postponement in inspection and testing by consultant consultant31 Delays in the approval of major changes in the scope of work by consultant adviser32 Inflexibility shown by the consultantConsultant33 Improper coordination between consultant and other partiesConsultant34 Slow to review and approve the documents by the consultantConsultant35 Issues between the consultant and the design engineerConsultant36 Inadequate experience of consultantConsultant37 Mistakes in the design documentsDesign38 Delay in delivering the design documentsDesign39 Imperfect details in drawingsDesign40 Complications in understanding of the project designDesign41 Incomplete data collection survey before designDesign42 Confusion in owners requirements by design engineerDesign43 Insufficient design-team experienceDesign44 Low amount of usage of advanced engineering design softwareDesign45 Shortage of construction materials in marketMaterials46 Alterations in the type of materials and specifications during the constructionMaterials47 Immobilization of materialMaterials48 Damage of sorted material while they are needed urgentlyMaterials49 Delay in manufacturing special building materialsMaterials50 Late procurement of materialsMaterials51 Late in selection of finishing materials due to availability of many types in marketMaterials52 Equipment breakdownsEquipment53 Shortage of equipmentEquipment54 Low level of equipment-operators skill EquipmentEquipment55 Lack of high-technology robotlike equipmentEquipment56 Shortage of laboursLabours57 Unqualified workforces Labours No. Causes of delay GroupLabours58 Nationality of laboursLabours59 Low productivity level of laboursLabours60 Personal conflicts among laboursLabours61 Effects of subsurface conditions (e.g., soil, high water table, etc.)External62 Delay in obtaining permits from municipalityExternal63 Hot weather effect on construction activitiesExternal64 Rain effect on construction activitiesExternal65 Unavailability of utilities in site (such as, water, electricity, telephone, etc.)External66 Effect of social and cultural factorsExternal67 Traffic control and restriction at job siteExternal68 Accident during constructionExternal69 Differing site (ground) conditionsExternal70 Changes in government regulations and lawsExternal71 Holding up the work from the important utilities i.e., water, electricity etcExternal72 Final inspection has been delayed by a third partyExternalLiterature ReviewDefinitions and Concepts of Planning and Planning issuesPlanning can be define as any one of the following1. A decision-making process.2. A process of anticipatory decision-making to decide what and/or how to perform actions due at some hitch in the future.3. A process of integrating interdependent decisions into a system of decisions.4. A hierarchical process evolving from general guidelines to objectives, to the elaboration of means and constraints that lead to a detailed course of action.5. A process that includes part or all of a chain of activities comprising information search and analysis, development and design of alternatives, analysis and valuation of alternatives and choice making.6. The systematic employment of procedures (standardized and formal to varying degrees).7. Documented presentation, in the form of plans.(Is construction project planning really doing its job? A critical examination of focus, role and process, A. Laufera R. L. Tucker, Department of Construction Management, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel b Construction Industry, Institute, The University of Texas at Au stin, TX, USA)Social-Cultural-Economic Importance of Planning(POSTIVE AND NEGATIVE)Cultural Aspects(International Measurement of the Economic and Social Importance of Culture, Prepared byJohn C. Gordon and Helen Beilby-Orrin). The Australian statistical office